Prepositions: In, On, and At

Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)
We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

 Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Formal expressions

• I wonder if you remember ….
• You remember ...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
• Don’t you remember ....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions:

• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

• Hold on. Yes, got it!
• I know.....
• It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m affraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him
• Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Asking For Information

Asking for information is get or request information by means of a question.
Using WH-Questions:
What,When,where,Who,Why,How


Example asking for information without using WH-Question:

• Is it true that...?
• Have you got an idea of...?
• I'd like to know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'm looking for

Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

Surprise & Disbelief

SURPRISE & DISBELIEF

The meaning of surprise are:

The astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you, or

The state of being surprised,or taken unawares,by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen.

The meaning of disbelief are:

A state of the mind in which one is fully persuaded that an opinion, assertion or doctrine is not true.

Expressing Disbelief:                              

·        I don’t  believe it                          

·        I can’t  believe it

·        It’s really unbelievable

·        How could it be

Expressing Surprise:

·       What a surprise! That’s a surprise!

·       That’s Very Surprising!

·       How very surprising.

·       I must say it surprises me.

Simple Present

The simple present is used to express :
. Habits
. General truths
. Repeated actions or unchanging situations
. To give instructions or directions
. To express fixed arrangement

Examples :
. For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast
She only eats fish
. For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning
It rains every afternoon in the hot seasons
. For general truth
The earth revolves around the sun
. For instructions or dirrections
Open the packet and pour the contents on the hot water
. For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March

Recount Text

Recount text  is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

 

The generic structures of recount text are  :

•    Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
•    Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
•    Re-orientation  (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident

The significant Lexicogrammatical features :

◦Use of simple past tense

◦Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

◦Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

 RA Kartini

Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.
Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.
As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very energetic, her father called her "trinil"
Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.
She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year, Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch
owned school where only children from noble family could study here.
Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should
be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The
rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan" time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her relatives. Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on  the backyard of Jepara city hall.
In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of
Rembang regency.According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow
her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years old. Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our
heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's
spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang" from the dusk to the dawn.

Procedure text

Procedure text  is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

 The generic structures of procedure text are  :

•      Goal/aim ( or title)
•      Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
•      Steps (the actions that must be taken)

 The Procedure of Making Meatballs
  What you need for the ingredients
1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef)
2 eggs
300 grams of tapioca-flour
4-8 cloves of garlic
1 red onion
1 teaspoon of white pepper
2 teaspoons of salt
The steps to make meatballs
These steps are instruction on how to make meatballs, just meatball, the soup is made separately.
First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.
Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.
After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and smooth.
Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.
Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.
Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the meatball are ready to serve.

Announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen

In writing an announcement, keep the following points

• the title/type of event,
• Date/time, place and
• contact person

The example of an announcement : 

Greeting

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other


How do you greet other people?

• Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening

• Hello,Justin

             -Hello,Cody

• How are you?
• How’s everything with you?
• How’s life ?
• How are you getting along ?
• How are you doing

-Fine, thanks

-Pretty good, thanks

-I’m well, thanks

-Not bad, thanks. And you?

 

 Responding to initial greetings are :
Hi.
Hello.
I’m very well.
I’m fine.
I’m glad to meet you too.
I’m happy to meet you too.
I’m pleased to meet you too.
It’s nice to meet you too.
It’s good to meet you too.
It’s great to meet you too.
Good morning.
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Good day.
Good night.

 

 

 

Narrative Teks

The generic structures of the text:

Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions; Who, What, When and Where)

Complication: A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main characters.

Resolution: A solution to the problem (for better or worse). Main characters find a way to solve the problem.

Other generic structures of the text:

Evaluation: (optional) a step back to evaluate the plight (the narrator’s viewpoint)

Coda: (optional)Changes of the characters or lesson/value of the story

Re-orientation: (optional) 

•Kinds of narrative text:

•A myth

•A legend

•Fable

•A folklore

Vocabs;Part of Body and Shapes

Part of Body

Denifition of Shapes

Shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object

Example: 

Rectangle